The Basics Of Trapdoor Hacking Information Technology Essay

The Basics Of Trapdoor Hacking Information Technology Essay For a software engineer, trap entryways bode well. In the event that the software engineer needs to adjust the program soon, he can utilize the snare entryway as opposed to experiencing the entirety of the typical, client coordinated conventions just to roll out the improvement. Trap entryways ought to be shut or wiped out in the last form of the program after all testing is finished, yet, deliberately or unexpectedly, some are left set up. Other snare entryways might be presented by blunder and just later found by saltines who are wandering near, searching for a route into framework projects and records. Run of the mill trap entryways utilize such framework includes as troubleshooting instruments, program leaves that move control to advantaged territories of memory, undocumented application calls and boundaries, and numerous others. Trap entryways bode well to master PC hoodlums too, regardless of whether they are pernicious software engineers or saltines. Trap entryways are a simple method to get into a framework or to access favored data or to present infections or other unapproved programs into the framework. Cases In 1993 and 1994, an obscure gathering of PC hoodlums dully broke into frameworks on the Internet utilizing passwords caught by secret phrase sniffers. Once on the framework, they abused programming imperfections to increase favored access. They introduced altered login and system programs that permitted them reemergence regardless of whether the first passwords were changed. In 1996, Philip Myers depicted the addition and abuse of indirect accesses as disruption in his MSc proposition at the Naval Postgraduate School.â He brought up that disruption, not at all like infiltration assaults, can start at any period of the framework advancement life cycle, including plan, usage, circulation, establishment and creation. Donn B. Parker depicted fascinating indirect access cases in certain papers (not, at this point accessible) from the 1990s.â For instance, a software engineer found a secondary passage left in a FORTRAN compiler by the essayists of the compiler. This segment of code permitted execution to hop from a normal program document to code put away in an information record. The criminal utilized the secondary passage to take PC preparing time from a help authority so he could execute his own code at different clients expense.â For another situation, remote clients from Detroit utilized indirect accesses in the working arrangement of a Florida timesharing administration to discover passwords that permitted unapproved and unpaid access to exclusive information and projects. Indeed, even the US government has endeavored to embed secondary passages in code. In September 1997, Congress proposed enactment to boycott local US encryption except if the calculation remembered a secondary passage permitting unscrambling for request by law authorization specialists moved celebrated Ron Rivest to satire.â The popular co-creator of the Public Key Cryptosystem and organizer of RSA Data Security Inc. called attention to that a few people accept the Bible contains mystery messages and codes, so the proposed law would boycott the Bible. All the more as of late, gadgets utilizing the Palm working framework (PalmOS) were found to have no successful security in spite of the secret phrase function.â Apparently engineer apparatuses provided by Palm permit a secondary passage channel into the as far as anyone knows bolted information. Dumpster Diving What is Dumpster Diving? Dumpster jumping is a name given to a straightforward sort of security assault, which is searching through materials that have been discarded, as demonstrated as follows. This sort of assault isnt illicit in any undeniable manner. On the off chance that papers are discarded, it implies that no one needs them, correct? Dumpster plunging likewise isnt one of a kind just to PC offices. A wide range of delicate data winds up in the garbage, and mechanical government agents during that time have utilized this technique to get data about their rivals. http://oreilly.com/index/wrongdoing/part/f_02_01.gif Dumpster Diving in Process There is another kind of PC related garbage that we probably won't consider. In the framework itself are documents that have been erased, however that havent really been eradicated from the framework. PCs and clients utilized uniquely to spare information, not annihilating it, and once in a while a few information is spared that shouldnt be spared. Electronic destroying is simple on account of the way that frameworks commonly erase information. Generally, erasing a document, a plate, or a tape doesnt really erase information, however essentially modifies a header record. Utilizing MS-DOS, for instance, a record can be erased by means of the DEL order, notwithstanding, another person can recover the substance of the document essentially by running UNDELETE. Framework utilities are accessible that make it simple to recover records that may appear to be totally gone. In spite of the fact that there are techniques for really deleting records and attractive media, most clients who deal with huge frameworks don't set aside the effort to eradicate plates and tapes when they are done with them. They may dispose of old circles and tapes with information still on them. They just compose the new information over the old information as of now on the tape. Since the new information may not be a similar length as the old, there might be touchy information left for those gifted enough to discover it. It is far more secure to unequivocally compose over capacity media and memory substance with arbitrary information and to degauss attractive tapes. Cases One PC organization in Texas that works with various oil organizations saw that at whatever point a specific organization requested that they mount an impermanent stockpiling (scratch) tape on the tape drive, the read-tape light would consistently come on before the compose tape light. The cunning oil organization was rummaging the tape for data that may have been put on it by contenders that utilized the tape before them. Destroying can have dangerous results. At the point when some old Department of Justice PCs were auctions off, they had on their circles data on the whereabouts of observers in the Federal Witness Protection Program. Despite the fact that the information had been erased, it had not been totally deleted from the circle. The DOJ had the option to get back a portion of the PCs, however not all, and had to move the undermined families thus. In 1991, spies acted like city workers outside of a U.S. resistance temporary worker administrators home, burrowed through garbage jars searching for data. One of the gatherers was really Frances emissary general and guaranteed he was gathering fill for a gap in his yard. Upon examination, the FBI verified that this activity was a piece of a French mystery looking through mission, planned for discovering U.S. military or logical data. At that point in 1999, two key individuals from a gathering called the Phonemasters were indicted for burglary and ownership of unapproved get to gadgets and unapproved access to a government intrigue PC. This universal gathering of digital lawbreakers had supposedly entered the PC frameworks of MCI, Sprint, ATT, Equifax and the National Crime Information Center. The Phonemasters aptitudes had empowered them to download many calling card numbers and disseminate them to sorted out wrongdoing bunches far and wide. Some portion of their technique included dumpster plunging and gathering old telephone directories and framework manuals. These devices, joined with social building, prompted the assaults on the referenced frameworks. In 2000, in a generally promoted case, the CEO of Oracle, Larry Ellison, employed private examiners to burrow through corporate dumpsters at Microsoft. This was an exertion planned for discovering data about Microsofts conceivable improvement of grassroots associations to help its side in an enemy of trust claim. One of the agents ineffectively attempted to take care of an individual from the janitorial administration in return for the trash of one of these associations. Ellison held that his activities were a city obligation, to reveal Microsofts mystery subsidizing of such gatherings, however his rivals declare that the occurrence was disagreeable and outrageous. Microsoft grumbled that different associations partnered to it have been exploited by mechanical surveillance specialists who endeavored to take archives from rubbish receptacles. The associations remember the Association for Competitive Technology for Washington, D.C., the Independent Institute in Oakland, California, and Citizens for a Sound Economy, another Washington D.C. based element. Microsoft stated, We have kind of consistently realized that our rivals have been effectively occupied with attempting to characterize us, and kind of assault us. Be that as it may, these disclosures are especially concerning and truly demonstrate the lengths to which theyre ready to go to assault Microsoft. Saying he was practicing a urban obligation, Oracle administrator and originator Lawrence J. Ellison shielded his organization of proposals that Oracles conduct was Nixonian when it employed private criminologists to examine associations that bolstered Microsofts side in the antitrust suit brought against it by the legislature. The agents experienced waste from those associations in endeavors to discover data that would show that the associations were constrained by Microsoft. Ellison, who, similar to his adversary Bill Gates at Microsoft, is an extremely rich person, stated, All we did was to attempt to take data that was covered up and expose it, and included: We will send our trash to Microsoft, and they can experience it. We put stock in complete honesty. The main thing more upsetting than Oracles conduct is their progressing endeavor to legitimize these activities, Microsoft said in an announcement. Mr. Ellison presently seems to recognize that he was by and by mindful of and by and by approved the expansive by and large technique of a clandestine activity against an assortment of exchange affiliations. During the year 2001, mechanical undercover work became visible concerning the cleanser advertise between wild contenders Proctor Gamble and Unilever. Private Investigators employed by Proctor Gamble filtered through trash receptacles outside of the Unilever organization, prevailing with regards to social event practical data about market examination, forecasts and future products.[16] Upon lawful activity by Unilever, the two partnerships privately addressed any outstanding issues, in light of the fact that these activities broke Proct

Less Than Jake free essay sample

At the point when I put Borders and Boundaries in my CDplayer just because, I had no clue about that it would always show signs of change my musiclife. Heart dashing, I squeezed the play button. What's in store from this ska/punkband from Gainesville, Florida? What I heard overwhelmed me. This music representsa more develop Less Than Jake, vocally, melodiously and musically. DrummerVinnies verses hit the imprint once more, running the melodic extent from senseless anthemsto sincere numbers. Is This Thing On is a genuine anthem with aninfectious punk edge. Pete Jackson is Getting Married is a funny,lighthearted tune about Less Than Jakes trombone player. Bordersand Boundaries was discharged on NOFX-claimed Fat Wreck Chords. The bandswitched from Capitol, and hasnt sold out or changed its style. In any event, for adie-hard LTJ fan, its difficult to monitor their discharges they have 76 (over130, including aggregations). They as of late completed an abroad visit and startedtouring the U. We will compose a custom exposition test on Not exactly Jake or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page S. with Zebrahead, New Found Glory, The Suicide Machines and TheAtaris. In the event that you dont have Borders and Boundaries as of now, Irecommend you get your shoes on and run as quick as possible to a record store. Thesongs are better than some other LTJ works. Disregard anything youve ever heard,this is a shiny new and improved Less Than Jake. Every tune on this CD isguaranteed to make you need to quit everything youre doing, get up and sing atthe top of your lungs.

If I Should Die Before I Wake Essay Example For Students

On the off chance that I Should Die Before I Wake Essay In the book on the off chance that I should pass on before I wake, the writer, Han Nolan, portraysChana to be an extremely tough individual inwardly. Chanas quality is shownthroughout the book from losing her family individually, to the consequencesdealing with getting away from Lodz. Chana lost her dad first; he was shot byNazis.(16-18) Next Chanas younger sibling Nadzia left the family to live withnon-Jews.(43-44) In the ghetto Zade passed on of mature age and malnutrition.(89,90) Anna and her mom were straightaway; they were taken to fixation camps.(137-140) Jakub was the last individual she and Bubbe saw before they attempted to escape from Lodz to Germany.(154-156) Chana and Bubbe got away from Lodz just to be imprisoned, tormented and sent to inhumane imprisonments. Just a solid willed individual could intellectually and sincerely bear such catastrophe and repulsiveness as Chana did. Chanas character was additionally exceptionally mindful and sympathetic towardsothers. Despite the fact that she was hopeless in the inhumane imprisonments, she wasrespectful towards the other inmates.(220-221, Another case of this waswhen she was living in the ghetto with the Krengiels. It took all herstrength to be pleasant to them, and inspite of her consideration, they were antagonistic toChana and her family.(80-83)A perceptible quality appeared in Chana as her character developedthroughout the book was her strict and otherworldly self. In the first place itwas just her grandma, Bubbe who had absolute confidence in God, and who triedto urge Chana to have confidence moreover. Chana didn't trust Bubbe, shethought that God was not on her side and that he was nowhere.(34,196) Sheresented God until she investigated the eyes of her shvester and afterward feltashamed of her resentment with God.(236) Towards the finish of the book she goes to make Matel well.(253) Next she puts on a Jew ish custom service to express gratitude toward God authoritatively, by the solicitation of Matel.(254) This shows Chanas confidence in God had created all through the book during a period of emergency. A significant issue Chana confronted was endurance. She managed thestruggle for food every day and torment and hard work in the concentrationcamps. Chanas family managed the battle for food every day by workingas hard as they could. While in the inhumane imprisonments Chana was torturedand compelled to work. She couldnt simply rebel on the grounds that the camp officialswould hurt her more. Another incredible clash Chana needed to manage is the ghetto life. Shelived where it was exceptionally packed and regularly required an exit plan. She solvedthis issue by covering up in an opening of the top of the House of Culture andlistening to music. She regularly thought of getting away and fleeing andsuggested to her family that they should cover up in the House of Culture, butBubbe chose to take Jakubs counsel and get phony papers and go toGermany. On the off chance that I was confronted with Chanas issues I wouldve done a few things thesame as she did, however some unique. As to battle for food, Iwouldve brought things that are entirely significant and uncommon like espresso andcigarettes to exchange for food. In the event that more awful came to more regrettable, I would have sold theviolin for food. With the issue of endurance in the Concentration camp, Iwouldve attempted to befriend alot of individuals in the fixation campbecause like Dvora, on the off chance that one of them turned into a partner to somebody significant, they could have maneuver into putting me elsewhere where the work and torment are less. On the off chance that I needed to settle on the choice whether to flee from the ghetto life, I wouldve done likewise as Chana and Bubbe, however I wouldve covered up while in broad daylight puts so I wouldnt be as observable to individuals. Generally speaking Chana used sound judgment considering the environment she wa s living in most the time.

Lithium Rechargeable Batteries Research Paper - 2475 Words

Lithium Rechargeable Batteries (Research Paper Sample) Content: Lithium Rechargeable BatteriesName:Instutution:AbstractIn this term paper, a discussion on how lithium batteries work will be tabled and the conclusion will be made on how they work. However, not only the functions of the lithium batteries will be discussed but also what components and materials are used to make them work as required.IntroductionBefore talking about what a lithium battery is and how it works, we will first have to know what a battery is for us to be able to understand it better. In a brief way, the battery can be said to be an electric device which has electrochemical cells that are used to transform stored chemical energy into electrical energy. The cells contain both positive and negative terminals which allow the movement of ions and therefore enhancing the flow of current in the cell. There are two types of cells, which can be categorized as primary and secondary. These batteries have different features, but their functions are the same. For a pri mary cell a user has to use them only once then dispose them after they are exhausted, one of the best examples of this batteries are the alkaline batteries used in watches and torches. While, on the other hand, secondary batteries do not have to be disposed after use since they can be recharged more than one time when they exhaust power. A good example of this kind of cell is the acid battery which is used in vehicles and also most of the lithium batteries we find on portable electronic devices.When many people hear the word batteries they only imagine of a small object used to power small devices not knowing that batteries can be of different sizes depending on what they are supposed to power. This can be elaborated further by different batteries such as the mini batteries we see in wristwatches; these are familiar to many people and can be said to be the smallest types of cells while on the other hand we have power banks which are rechargeable batteries used in large institution for power backup in case of a power shortage and this can be as large as a room to be specific. When comparing batteries to other forms of power we can say that, batteries tend to have a lower energy specification since they have to do all conversions and deliver their energy in the form of electricity.When we talk about lithium batteries, it refers to disposable batteries that can also be said to be primary batteries that have lithium metal as an anode. When looking at the specifics of lithium batteries we can say that the cells are meant to produce low power voltages of about 1.5V to 3.7V and this all depends on the designs and also the types of compounds used to manufacture the lithium battery. However, lithium batteries can be said to be different from another kind of cells due to their capability to stay with power for long periods of time. When comparing lithium batteries to lithium-ion batteries which are rechargeable, we can say that for lithium-ion batteries the ions are de signed to move from the cathode to anode by the use of reversible insertion of ions into a compound unlike in lithium batteries which use metallic lithium.TheoryLithium batteries can be said to have been invented by M. Whittingham back in 1970. However according to Whittingham he used titanium sulfide mixed with lithium as the electric conductors. However, batteries that used lithium as a reactor were supposed to be dangerous. This because metallic lithium is a very high reactor and safety measures had to be taken while working with metallic lithium, and by this, the team that was under research proposed that they be using lithium instead of metallic lithium. There are three major components that are functional in a Li-ion battery these are the cathode, the anode and the electrolytes. The anode side of a lithium-ion battery consists of carbon. On the other side, the cathode is a metal oxide while the electrolyte is composed of lithium salt in an organic solution that can dissolve. Electrodes come in many forms depending on if they are negative or positive, one of the mostly used negative electrode is graphite, while on the positive side electrodes can be in three different materials i.e.: spinel, polyanion and last is layered oxide. Electrolytes are a mixture of several materials such as organic carbonates or ethylene carbonate. Since electrolytes do not contain water elements they are forced to use anion salts such as hexafluorophosphate, lithium and many others since it all depends on the materials you like. From the look of things we can say lithium batteries are more expensive but on the brighter side they can be functional over wide temperature ranges and also have high energy density, however, they should always have a protective circuit which hinders the battery from exploding or discharging high energy since it limits its voltage maximum power.For portable electronic devices such as a laptop or iPad, they are fitted in with lithium-ion battery which comes with temperature sensors which are used to regulate the amount of energy to be taken in by the machine and also stop it from overheating when charging.Lithium-ion batteries which can also be referred to as Li-ion batteries can be categorized in the rechargeable family, whereby lithium ions in the battery have to move negative to positive electrodes when the battery is discharging stored energy and vice versa when charging the battery. Unlike lithium batteries that use metallic lithium, Li-ion are designed to use intercalated form of lithium. The consistency of lithium-ion batteries plays a big role in the movement of ions through the help of electrolytes. This kind of batteries are mostly found on portable electronics and can be said to be the most common type of rechargeable batteries for most kinds of electronics, they can be said to have a low energy loss system when not being used and they also have a high energy storage capacity as compared to their small sizes and also t hey have no short term energy loss and this means even if you switch the electronic device off by the time you turn it on the amount of energy stored will still be the same. However, lithium-ion batteries are slowly taking over the market and expanding their use and capabilities. They are also being used in military for powering some of their electronic machineries and cars and also on some aerospace equipment. As technology advances, most companies are also looking forward to replacing the use of lead acid batteries with lithium-ion ones when manufacturing vehicles and all other machines that use lead-acid batteries as a source of power, the point in this is just coming up with a lithium-ion which is smaller in size and can be able to sustain the same amount of energy as the lead acid batteries.For lithium-ion batteries to charge or discharge energy, there are several stages that they have to go through first. When the lithium-ion battery charges there must be a presence of an exte rnal electrical power source or basically a charger which should supply the battery with enough amount of voltage which should be higher than the amount of voltage produced by the battery and there causing the energy being produced by the battery flow backwards as opposed by the charger. Through charging the lithium-ion battery, the ions in the battery are forced to flow from the cathode to anode and eventually become firmly fixed to the porous electrode object. On the other hand, during discharge of energy in a lithium-ion battery, the flow of current is triggered by lithium-ions, which direct the current from anode to cathode through a solution which its water of crystallization has been removed.When charging a single Li-ion battery and a complete Li-ion battery the processes taken during the charging are a bit different. When it comes to a single Li-ion battery, there are two steps that take place while charging, these are the constant current and voltage source. On the other han d, a complete Li-ion battery is charged through three processes that are, constant current, balance which is not needed when the battery is balanced and finally voltage source. In these processes one can say that during a constant current phase, the charger discharges a constant current which is supplied to the battery in an equally raising voltage, until the voltage limit supposed to be applied in a single cell is reached. However, when charging the battery the charger will reduce the charging power when it reaches the balanced phase, and after doing this the state of all cells is taken to the same level to each other by a balancing circuit to such a point that all the battery gets to the same level and becomes balanced. On the constant voltage stage, when charging the charger uses a voltage that is the same as the maximum cell voltage multiplied to the number of cells in the battery, this is because current reduces as it goes down to zero until the current is under the minimum set amount. When charging a lithium-ion battery it is always advisable to check its voltage limits since charging it with a charger which has more power voltage than the battery might cause and explosion or damage of both the battery and the charger.On lithium-ion batteries charging can also be affected by temperature and other factors. However, the batteries do not have restrictions on when and where to use, and this is an advantage they come with since you can use them under all kinds of temperatures. The only problem is that they are affected by temperatures when it comes to charging, when you charge the batteries in places with high temperatures it can affect the battery causing it to have a short life span or even spoil it completely. Therefore, it is always advisable that you charge the battery in a room with low or cold temperatures like 4 to 38 ÂC. At lower temperatures below 4 ÂC charging is also inevitable but it is always advisable that you cha... Lithium Rechargeable Batteries Research Paper - 2475 Words Lithium Rechargeable Batteries (Research Paper Sample) Content: Lithium Rechargeable BatteriesName:Instutution:AbstractIn this term paper, a discussion on how lithium batteries work will be tabled and the conclusion will be made on how they work. However, not only the functions of the lithium batteries will be discussed but also what components and materials are used to make them work as required.IntroductionBefore talking about what a lithium battery is and how it works, we will first have to know what a battery is for us to be able to understand it better. In a brief way, the battery can be said to be an electric device which has electrochemical cells that are used to transform stored chemical energy into electrical energy. The cells contain both positive and negative terminals which allow the movement of ions and therefore enhancing the flow of current in the cell. There are two types of cells, which can be categorized as primary and secondary. These batteries have different features, but their functions are the same. For a pri mary cell a user has to use them only once then dispose them after they are exhausted, one of the best examples of this batteries are the alkaline batteries used in watches and torches. While, on the other hand, secondary batteries do not have to be disposed after use since they can be recharged more than one time when they exhaust power. A good example of this kind of cell is the acid battery which is used in vehicles and also most of the lithium batteries we find on portable electronic devices.When many people hear the word batteries they only imagine of a small object used to power small devices not knowing that batteries can be of different sizes depending on what they are supposed to power. This can be elaborated further by different batteries such as the mini batteries we see in wristwatches; these are familiar to many people and can be said to be the smallest types of cells while on the other hand we have power banks which are rechargeable batteries used in large institution for power backup in case of a power shortage and this can be as large as a room to be specific. When comparing batteries to other forms of power we can say that, batteries tend to have a lower energy specification since they have to do all conversions and deliver their energy in the form of electricity.When we talk about lithium batteries, it refers to disposable batteries that can also be said to be primary batteries that have lithium metal as an anode. When looking at the specifics of lithium batteries we can say that the cells are meant to produce low power voltages of about 1.5V to 3.7V and this all depends on the designs and also the types of compounds used to manufacture the lithium battery. However, lithium batteries can be said to be different from another kind of cells due to their capability to stay with power for long periods of time. When comparing lithium batteries to lithium-ion batteries which are rechargeable, we can say that for lithium-ion batteries the ions are de signed to move from the cathode to anode by the use of reversible insertion of ions into a compound unlike in lithium batteries which use metallic lithium.TheoryLithium batteries can be said to have been invented by M. Whittingham back in 1970. However according to Whittingham he used titanium sulfide mixed with lithium as the electric conductors. However, batteries that used lithium as a reactor were supposed to be dangerous. This because metallic lithium is a very high reactor and safety measures had to be taken while working with metallic lithium, and by this, the team that was under research proposed that they be using lithium instead of metallic lithium. There are three major components that are functional in a Li-ion battery these are the cathode, the anode and the electrolytes. The anode side of a lithium-ion battery consists of carbon. On the other side, the cathode is a metal oxide while the electrolyte is composed of lithium salt in an organic solution that can dissolve. Electrodes come in many forms depending on if they are negative or positive, one of the mostly used negative electrode is graphite, while on the positive side electrodes can be in three different materials i.e.: spinel, polyanion and last is layered oxide. Electrolytes are a mixture of several materials such as organic carbonates or ethylene carbonate. Since electrolytes do not contain water elements they are forced to use anion salts such as hexafluorophosphate, lithium and many others since it all depends on the materials you like. From the look of things we can say lithium batteries are more expensive but on the brighter side they can be functional over wide temperature ranges and also have high energy density, however, they should always have a protective circuit which hinders the battery from exploding or discharging high energy since it limits its voltage maximum power.For portable electronic devices such as a laptop or iPad, they are fitted in with lithium-ion battery which comes with temperature sensors which are used to regulate the amount of energy to be taken in by the machine and also stop it from overheating when charging.Lithium-ion batteries which can also be referred to as Li-ion batteries can be categorized in the rechargeable family, whereby lithium ions in the battery have to move negative to positive electrodes when the battery is discharging stored energy and vice versa when charging the battery. Unlike lithium batteries that use metallic lithium, Li-ion are designed to use intercalated form of lithium. The consistency of lithium-ion batteries plays a big role in the movement of ions through the help of electrolytes. This kind of batteries are mostly found on portable electronics and can be said to be the most common type of rechargeable batteries for most kinds of electronics, they can be said to have a low energy loss system when not being used and they also have a high energy storage capacity as compared to their small sizes and also t hey have no short term energy loss and this means even if you switch the electronic device off by the time you turn it on the amount of energy stored will still be the same. However, lithium-ion batteries are slowly taking over the market and expanding their use and capabilities. They are also being used in military for powering some of their electronic machineries and cars and also on some aerospace equipment. As technology advances, most companies are also looking forward to replacing the use of lead acid batteries with lithium-ion ones when manufacturing vehicles and all other machines that use lead-acid batteries as a source of power, the point in this is just coming up with a lithium-ion which is smaller in size and can be able to sustain the same amount of energy as the lead acid batteries.For lithium-ion batteries to charge or discharge energy, there are several stages that they have to go through first. When the lithium-ion battery charges there must be a presence of an exte rnal electrical power source or basically a charger which should supply the battery with enough amount of voltage which should be higher than the amount of voltage produced by the battery and there causing the energy being produced by the battery flow backwards as opposed by the charger. Through charging the lithium-ion battery, the ions in the battery are forced to flow from the cathode to anode and eventually become firmly fixed to the porous electrode object. On the other hand, during discharge of energy in a lithium-ion battery, the flow of current is triggered by lithium-ions, which direct the current from anode to cathode through a solution which its water of crystallization has been removed.When charging a single Li-ion battery and a complete Li-ion battery the processes taken during the charging are a bit different. When it comes to a single Li-ion battery, there are two steps that take place while charging, these are the constant current and voltage source. On the other han d, a complete Li-ion battery is charged through three processes that are, constant current, balance which is not needed when the battery is balanced and finally voltage source. In these processes one can say that during a constant current phase, the charger discharges a constant current which is supplied to the battery in an equally raising voltage, until the voltage limit supposed to be applied in a single cell is reached. However, when charging the battery the charger will reduce the charging power when it reaches the balanced phase, and after doing this the state of all cells is taken to the same level to each other by a balancing circuit to such a point that all the battery gets to the same level and becomes balanced. On the constant voltage stage, when charging the charger uses a voltage that is the same as the maximum cell voltage multiplied to the number of cells in the battery, this is because current reduces as it goes down to zero until the current is under the minimum set amount. When charging a lithium-ion battery it is always advisable to check its voltage limits since charging it with a charger which has more power voltage than the battery might cause and explosion or damage of both the battery and the charger.On lithium-ion batteries charging can also be affected by temperature and other factors. However, the batteries do not have restrictions on when and where to use, and this is an advantage they come with since you can use them under all kinds of temperatures. The only problem is that they are affected by temperatures when it comes to charging, when you charge the batteries in places with high temperatures it can affect the battery causing it to have a short life span or even spoil it completely. Therefore, it is always advisable that you charge the battery in a room with low or cold temperatures like 4 to 38 ÂC. At lower temperatures below 4 ÂC charging is also inevitable but it is always advisable that you cha...

Physics, Energy - 2386 Words

Romar M. Cabinta EXERCISES 15 WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER A. CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS 1. Is work done when you move a book from the top of the desk to the floor? Why? Yes. It is because the displacement of the book from the top of the desk to the floor and the force that is applied to the book is parallel with one another. 2. State the law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy in two ways? The law of conservation of energy states that energy may neither be created nor destroyed. Therefore the sum of all the energies in the system is a constant. TMEinitial=TMEfinal 3. Explain the basic ideas that govern the design and operation of a roller coaster. A roller coaster is operated and designed through the†¦show more content†¦A tandem (two-person) bicycle team must overcome a force of 34 lbs. to maintain a speed of 30 ft./s. Find the power required per rider, assuming they contribute equally. Express your answer in horsepower. F=34 lb F1=17 lb=F2 P1=F1v=17 lb30fts=510 ftlbsÃâ€"1hp550 ftlbs=0.93 hp P2=F1v=17 lb30fts=510 ftlbsÃâ€"1hp550 ftlbs=0.93 hp 5. A pump is required to lift 200 L of water per minute from a well 10 m deep and eject it with a speed of 20m/s. (a) How much work is done per minute in lifting the water? (b) How much in giving its kinetic energy? What horsepower engine is needed if it is 80% efficient? a.) W=mgh+12mv2=200kgÃâ€"10mÃâ€"9.81kgm2+12Ãâ€"200kgÃâ€"20ms2=59620Js=993.67J/min b.) W=12mv2=12200kg20ms2=40000 J c.) HP=59620jsà ·0.8Ãâ€"746js=99.899 hp EXERCISES 16 LINEAR MOMENTUM A. CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS 1. Which has greater momentum, a ten wheeler truck at rest or a moving motorcycle? Why? A moving motorcycle has a greater momentum than the truck. A truck at rest has zero momentum because an object has to be moving in order to have a momentum. 2. How does impulse differ from force? Impulse is the product of force and the time interval of the application of force; while force is just a factor that affects an object’s impulse when it is at motion. 3. Why is it incorrect toShow MoreRelatedThe Physics Of Thermal Energy1609 Words   |  7 Pages Thermal Energy in Peanuts Kristin Guenev, Hannah Potter, Rebecca Fluegel At the ignition of a peanut, how much thermal energy is produced? The same energy that is emitted at the burning of a single peanut contains the same principles that heat our homes, cook our food, or why we feel cold in the winter and warm in the summer. Though much associated with temperature, thermal energy is not the same. 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Law Of Victoria Laundry v Newman Industries Ltd †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Law Of Victoria Laundry v Newman Industries Ltd. Answer: Issue To determine the damages to be paid to Adam Rule In the case of Victoria Laundry (Windsor) Ltd v Newman Industries Ltd (1949) 2 KB 528 the issue before the court was to determine the damages to be paid to the plaintiff by the defendant. The plaintiff in this case had made a claim for extraordinary losses which was incurred by him due to the breach of contract done on the part of the defendant. In this case the defendant failed to make a delivery of goods on time and the plaintiff as a result lost cleaning contract. The court in this case held that the plaintiff was only entitled to any ordinary losses incurred by him and not for the extra ordinary loss of profit. This is because losses would only be recoverable in situation where the defendant possessed adequate information which would impose the liability of the loss on him. In this case the defendant did not possess such information. In the case of Hadley v Baxendale (1854) EWHC J70 the defendant had been hired by the plaintiff for the purpose of supplying a broken shaft to the engineer immediately so that new shaft could be made. Unless a new shaft was made the plaintiff factory was not able to carry out its operations. In this case there was a failure on the part of the defendant to supply the shaft to the plaintiff on time. The plaintiff sued the defendant for all losses which had been incurred by him. However the claim of the plaintiff has been rejected by the court on the ruling that only those losses which would be reasonably foreseen by the defendant are liable to be compensated. In the case of Nutbrown v Thornton (1804) 10 Ves 159 the issue before the court was to determine the damages which were to be paid to the plaintiff with respect to the breach of contract committed on the part of the defendant. In this case due to the breach of the defendant the plaintiff would suffer heavy losses as the machinery in context of the contract was not readily available elsewhere. Taking into account the circumstances of the situation the court in this case order specific performance according to which the defendant had to supply the rare machinery to the plaintiff with respect to contractual remedies. The court was faced with similar situation in the case of Cohen v Roche [1927] 1 KB 169. However the decision of the court in this case was different. In this case the court denied specific performance to the plaintiff on the notion that the goods in context of the contract were ordinary commercial articles and had no specific interest all values does the question of specific performance in this case does not arise. In addition the intention of the buyer in this case was resell the goods. In the case of Posner v Scott-Lewis [1987] 3 All ER 513 and application has been granted by the court in relation to specific performance with respect to a lesser Convent towards employing a resident portal to perform Particular duties. In this case the court had made a distinction with the case of Ryan v Mutual Tontine where supervision in relation to the execution of an undertaking was required. However in the current situation neither continuous series of actions or personal services were needed. On the other hand only executions of an agreement consisting of provision for the services were required. In the case of Wolverhampton Corp v Emmons [1901] 1 KB 515 the plaintiff had acquired a property for the purpose of an improvement scheme and sold a part of the property to the defendant who had agreed to build new house on the property. The plaintiff acquired house plans however the defendant refused to continue the work. In this case the court awarded specific performance in favour of the plaintiff as the obligation of the defendant has been defined precisely by the plants and damages in this situation would not be adequate as a position of the site was with the defendant and the plaintiff would not be able to complete the work through the employment of a different contractor. Application In the given situation it has been provided that there was an agreement between Adam and Edwin for the purpose of purchasing a 1925 Rolls Royce. Edwin was a dealer of Vintage cars. The contract was entered into by Edwin and Adam for the sale of the car at the price of $500,000. However Edwin found out that there was another person who was looking for the same model and was prepared to pay $700,000 for the car. In this situation he refused to sell the car to Adam. It is clear from the facts of the case that the car is rare and damages would not be able to act as a proper remedy for the breach of contract done by Edwin as Adam would not be able to procure the car from elsewhere. Taking into account the circumstances of the contract the court would award specific performance in favour of Adam which would force Edwin to sell the car to him at the stipulated price of $500,000 as per the Nutbrown v Thornton and Wolverhampton Corp v Emmons case. However in situation where the car in contacts was a late model Mercedes Benz the court in this situation would not allow specific to Adam for the breach of contract done by Edwin. This is because Adam would be able to procure the Mercedes Benz model easily from elsewhere as per the Cohen v Roche case. Conclusion Adam can get specific performance for Rolls Royce Adam cannot get specific performance for Mercedes Benz References Cohen v Roche [1927] 1 KB 169 Hadley v Baxendale (1854) EWHC J70 Nutbrown v Thornton (1804) 10 Ves 1 Posner v Scott-Lewis [1987] 3 All ER 513 Victoria Laundry (Windsor) Ltd v Newman Industries Ltd (1949) 2 KB 528 Wolverhampton Corp v Emmons [1901] 1 KB 515

College Admission Essay - Tips For Writing An Essay

College Admission Essay - Tips For Writing An EssayA college admission essay is an essential component of an application. The college admission essay is a chance for you to talk about your abilities and strengths in a concrete and written manner. In some cases, it can also be used as a hook to lure the admissions officer to continue reading further into your application. A good essay is an essential part of a college application.Writing a college admission essay is an art form that requires quite a bit of skill. If you want to get the most out of your essay, you need to learn some tips that will help you write a very well-written essay. Here are some tips that may help you out:You have to remember that sentence structure is very important. Try to use the correct word order. Using simple words, is also a big help in writing a good essay. There are some college admissions officers who prefer complex words over simple ones. In this case, you should go with the simple sentences and not r ely on complex sentences.Choose the right topic for your college admission essay. It is also important to know what type of subject you want to write about. If you are planning to write about science, then choose a topic about biology or chemistry. If you are writing about music, then choose one about jazz or classical. It is also important to know what type of person you are writing about.Before you begin writing your paper, make sure that you write your paper out first. This is because it will give you a chance to know how much time you have allotted for writing a paper. You may also choose to take a few minutes and jot down some ideas that you have during the day. In case you find that you have forgotten something important, then you can always refer back to your notes and double check that you have everything you need to write your paper. This will help you keep your focus on writing a good college admission essay.To write a college admission essay, it is also important to know the basics of grammar and writing. Grammar is a subject that is very important and must be practiced often in order to be able to write an essay. Write essays as if they were any other page in your academic textbook, using proper grammar and spelling.Essays may also be very lengthy. In this case, try to divide your essay into smaller parts. Try to be concise and do not overwhelm the reader with your length. The best way to approach this is to make an outline and then try to move each section into its own little section. Try to be short and to the point but do not forget to include the importance of brevity.These are some of the tips that you may use to help you write a college admission essay. It is important to remember that writing a college admission essay is a skill that is learned through practice. You have to take the time to practice writing a paper so that you can develop the skills necessary to write one.